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  Candide  
 

For a complete history of Candide, please visit
A Guide to Leonard Bernstein's Candide

Note: This being a Sondheim guide, I have chosen to begin this page
with the 1974 revival, the first with Sondheim's contributions. 

1974 Broadway Revival

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
Additional lyrics by Stephen Sondheim (+) and John Latouche
Book by Hugh Wheeler, adapted from Voltaire

See the lyrics notes below

Based upon the 1973 Chelsea Theater production
Opened December 19, 1973 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music
Closed January 20, 1974; Ran for 48 performances

Opened March 10, 1974 at the Broadway Theatre
Closed January 4, 1976; Ran for 740 performances
Presented by The Chelsea Theatre Center of Brooklyn
[Robert Kalfin, artistic director; Michael David, executive director; Burl Hash, production director]
In Conjunction with Harold Prince and Ruth Mitchell
Directed by Harold Prince
Choreography by Patricia Birch
Assistant Director: Ruth Mitchell
Production Designed by Eugene and Franne Lee
Lighting Designed by Tharon Musser
Musical Direction by John Mauceri [replaced by Paul Gemignani]
Orchestrations by Hershy Kay

Cast

Dr. Voltaire, Dr. Pangloss, Governor, Host and Sage - Lewis J. Stadlen
Candide - Mark Baker
Cunegonde - Maureen Brennan
Paquette - Deborah St. Darr
Maximillian - Sam Freed
Old Lady - June Gable
Chinese Coolie, Westphalian Soldier, Priest, Spanish Don, Rosary Vendor, Sailor, Lion, Guest - Jim Corti
Huntsman, 1st Recruiting Officer, Agent, Spanish Don, Cartagenian, Priest, Sailor, Eunuch - David Horwitz
Baroness, Harpsichordist, Penitente, Steel Drummer , Houri - Mary-Pat Green
Baron, Grand Inquisitor, Slave Driver, Captain, Guest - Joe Palmieri
Servant, Bulgarian Soldier, Agent of the Inquisition, Spanish Don - Robert Hendersen
2nd Recruiting Officer, Aristocrat, Cartagenian - Peter Vogt
Penitente, Whore, Houri - Gail Boggs
Penitente, Cartagenian, Houri - Lynne Gannaway
Aristocrat, Cartagenian, 2nd Sheep - Carolann Page
Pygmy, Cow - Carlos Gorbea
Bulgarian Soldier, Penitente, Cartagenian, Sailor, Cow - Kelly Walters
Westphalian Soldier, Agent, Governor's Aide, Pirate, Guest - Chip Garnett
Rich Jew, Judge, Man in Black, Cartagenian, Pirate, German, Botanist, Guest - Jeff Keller
Aristocrat, Cartagenian, Houri - Becky McSpadden
Aristocrat, Whore, Houri, (Cunegonde Alternate) - Kathryn Ritter
Lady with Knitting, Cartagenian, 1st Sheep - Renee Semes
Swing Girl - Rhoda Butler

Musical Numbers

  • "Overture" - Orchestra
  • "Life is Happiness Indeed" + - Candide, Cunegonde, Maximillian, Paquette
  • "The Best of All Possible Worlds" - Dr. Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximillian, Paquette
  • "Oh Happy We" - Candide, Cunegonde
  • "It Must Be So" - Candide
  • "O Miserere" - Penitentes
  • "Oh Happy We" (reprise) - Candide, Cunegonde
  • "Glitter and Be Gay" - Cunegonde
  • "Auto Da Fe (What a Day)" + - Company
  • "This World" + - Candide
  • "You Were Dead, You Know" - Candide, Cunegonde
  • "I Am Easily Assimilated" - Old Lady, Spanish Dons
  • "I Am Easily Assimilated" (reprise) - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady
  • "My Love" - Governor, Maximillian
  • "Alleluia" - Company
  • "Sheep's Song" + - Sheep, Lion, Paquette, Candide
  • "Bon Voyage" - Governor and Company
  • "The Best of All Possible Worlds" (reprise) + - Old Lady, Candide, Paquette, Sheep
  • "You Were Dead, You Know" (reprise) - Candide, Cunegonde
  • "Make Our Garden Grow" - Candide, Cundegonde, Company

Notes on Musical Numbers with Sondheim lyrics

  • "Life is Happiness Indeed"
    [Music by Bernstein; Lyrics by Sondheim;
    new lyrics for "The Venice Gavotte" from the original Broadway production ]
  • "This World"
    [Music by Bernstein; Lyrics by Sondheim;
    new lyrics for "Candide's Lament", which was cut from the original Broadway production]
  • "Auto Da Fe"
    [Music by Bernstein; Lyrics by Latouche and Sondheim;
    new lyrics for a song that was cut from the original Broadway production]
  • "The Best of All Possible Worlds" (reprise)
    [Music by Bernstein; Lyrics by Sondheim;
    new lyrics for a short reprise of this song]
  • "Sheep's Song"
    [Music by Bernstein; Lyrics by Sondheim]

Tony Awards

Recording

Candide - Original Cast Recording of the Complete Production
Produced by Thomas Z. Shepard
Associate Producer: Jay David Saks
Engineering: Control - Bud Graham; Editing & Mixing - Ray Moore
Program notes by William.H. Evans
Includes pictorial synopsis

  • Double LP (stereo), 1974 [Columbia S2X 32923]
  • Double LP (quadraphonic), 1974 [Columbia Q2S 32923]

1956 Broadway Production

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
Additional lyrics by John Latouche and Dorothy Parker
Book by Lillian Hellman

See the lyrics note below

Tryouts began on October 29, 1956 in Boston MA
Moved to New Haven CT before opening in New York City
Opened December 1, 1956 at the Martin Beck Theatre
Closed February 2, 1957; Ran for 73 performances
Produced by Ethel Linder Reiner in association with Lester Osterman, Jr.
Staged by Tyrone Guthrie
Production designed by Oliver Smith
Costumes designed by Irene Sharaff
Lighting by Paul Morrison
Dance Supervisors: Wallace Seibert, Anna Sokolow
Musical Director: Samuel Krachmalnick
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay
Production Associate: Thomas Hammond
Assistant to Mr. Guthrie: Tom Brown

Cast

Dr. Pangloss - Max Adrian
Candide - Robert Rounseville
Cunegonde - Barbara Cook
Old Lady, Madame Sofronia - Irra Petina
Maximillian - Louis Edmonds
Governor of Buenos Aires - William Olvis
Man / Marquis Milton - Boris Aplon
Lawyer / Ferone - William Chapman
King of Hesse / Inquisitor / Captain - Conrad Bain
Baron / Prince Ivan - Robert Mesrobian
Hesse's General / Prefect of Police - Norman Roland
Junkman / Beggar - Robert Cosden
French Lady / Duchess - Maud Scheerer
Infant Casmira - Maria Novotna
Conjuror - Robert Barry

Singers: Peggyann Alderman, Charles Aschmann, Robert Barry, Joseph Bernard, George Blackwell, Dori Davis, Jack DeLon, Tony Drake, Naomi Farr, Stanley Grover, Fred Jones, Molly Knight, Dorothy Krebill, Vivian Laurence, Henry Lawrence, Robert Mesrobian, Lois Monroe, Charles Morrell, Maria Novotna, Doris Okerson, Thomas Pyle, Margaret Roy, Robert Rue, Mara Shorr, and Dorothy White

Dancers: Alvin Beam, Charles Czarny, Marvin Gordon, Carmen Gutierrez,
Charles Morrell, Frances Noble, Liane Plane, and Gloria Stevens

Musical Numbers

  • Overture - Orchestra

    Act One

    Scene 1: Westphalia
  • Ensemble: The Best of All Possible Worlds - Ensemble
  • Duet: Oh, Happy We - Candide and Cunegonde
  • Song: It Must Be So - Candide

    Scene 1A: Candide Travels to Lisbon

    Scene 2: Lisbon
  • * Lisbon Sequence - Infant Casmira, Conjuror, and Chorus


  • Scene 2A: Candide Travels to Paris
  • * It Must Be Me - Candide

    Scene 3: Paris
  • Mazurka (Paris Waltz Scene) - Orchestra
  • Aria: Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • Duet: You Were Dead, You Know - Candide and Cunegonde

    Scene 3A: They Travel to Buenos Aires
  • * Pilgrims Procession

    Scene 4: Buenos Aires
  • Serenade: My Love - Governor of Buenos Aires, Cunegonde, Old Lady
  • Tango: I Am Easily Assimilated - Old Lady, Chorus, Cunegonde
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, Governor of Buenos Aires, Old Lady
  • Act Two

    Scene 1: Buenos Aires
  • Trio: Quiet - Old Lady, Governor of Buenos Aires, Cunegonde
  • Ballad: Eldorado - Candide, Chorus
  • Schottische: Bon Voyage - Chorus, Governor of Buenos Aires

    Scene 1A: Candide Travels to Venice

    Scene 2: Venice
  • Waltz: What's the Use? - Madame Sofronia, Ferone, Prefect of Police, Prince Ivan, Chorus
  • Gavotte - Madame Sofronia, Candide, Dr. Pangloss, Cunegonde

    Scene 3: Westphalia
  • Finale: Make Our Garden Grow - Candide, Cunegonde, Company

* These numbers are not on the Original Cast Recording


Lyric Credits (taken from the original libretto)

Richard Wilbur: The Best of All Possible Worlds, Oh Happy We, It Must Be So, It Must Be Me, Glitter And Be Gay, Pilgrims Procession, Quartet Finale, Quiet, Bon Voyage, What's The Use?, Make Our Garden Grow

John Latouche and Richard Wilbur: You Were Dead You Know, My Love

Leonard Bernstein: Lisbon Sequence, I Am Easily Assimilated

Lillian Hellman: Eldorado

Dorothy Parker: Gavotte

Recording

Candide - Original Broadway Cast
Produced by Goddard Lieberson
Recorded on December 9, 1956

  • LP [mono], 1957 [Columbia OL 5180]
  • LP [stereo (fake?)], 1963 [Columbia OS 2350]
  • Triple LP, 1983 [Time-Life Records STL-AM15, includes the mono version of Candide, with the original cast recordings of Wonderful Town and West Side Story]
  • Triple Cassette, 1983 [Time-Life Records STL-AM15, same as the LP set above]
  • LP reissue [stereo (fake?)], 19?? [Columbia PST 2350]
  • Cassette, 19?? [Columbia PST 2350]
  • Compact Disc, 1987 [Columbia MK 38732]
  • Cassette, 1987 [Columbia MT 38732]

Digitally Remixed and Remastered Version
Remixed by Thomas Z. Shepard

  • Compact Disc, 1991 [Sony Broadway SK 48017] [51:05 mins.]
  • Cassette, 1991 [Sony Broadway ST 48017]

1982 New York City Opera Production

Music By Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
Additional lyrics by Stephen Sondheim (+) and John Latouche
Book adapted from Voltaire by Hugh Wheeler

Opened October 13, 1982 at The New State Theater
34 performances in repertory from 1982 - 1984
Presented by The New York City Opera [Beverly Sills, General Director]
Directed by Harold Prince
Choreographed by Patricia Birch
Scenery Designed by Clarke Dunham
Costumes Designed by Judith Dolan
Lighting Designed by Ken Billington
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay
Musical Supervision and Additional Orchestrations by John Mauceri
Conducted by John Mauceri

1982 Cast

John Lankston - Voltaire / Dr. Pangloss / Businessman / Governor / Second Gambler (Police Chief) / Sage
David Eisler - Candide
Erie Mills - Cunegonde
Scott Reeve - Maximilian
Deborah Darr - Paquette
Muriel Costa-Greenspon - Old Lady

Don Yule - Huntsman / Bulgarian Soldier / Don
Bonnie Kirk - Baroness / Calliope Player
Jack Harrold - Baron / Grand Inquisitor / Slave Driver / Pasha-Prefect
James Billings - Servant of Maximilian / Bulgarian Soldier / Don Issachar (The Jew) / Judge / Father Bernard / First Gambler
Andy Roth - Westphalian Soldier / Don / Sailor
William Ledbetter - Westphalian Soldier / Don / Pirate
Ralph Bassett - Heresy Agent / Don
Gary Dietrich - Inquisition Agent / Sailor
William Poplaski - Inquisition Agent / Sailor
Aurelio Padron - Don / Governor's Aide / Sailor
Michael Rubino - Don
John Henry Thomas - Pirate
Ivy Austin - Pink Sheep
Rhoda Butler - Pink Sheep
James Sergei - Lion

Cast on the 1985 Recording

John Lankston - Voltaire / Dr. Pangloss / Businessman / Governor / Second Gambler (Police Chief)
David Eisler - Candide
Erie Mills - Cunegonde
Scott Reeve - Maximillian
Maris Clement - Paquette
Joyce Castle - Old Lady

Robert Brubaker - Man / Lion
Ivy Austin - First Woman / Pink Sheep
Rhoda Butler - Second Woman / Pink Sheep
Don Yule - First Inquisitioner / Don / Judge
William Ledbetter - Second Inquisitioner / Don / Judge
Maria Donaldi - Rosary Vendor / Altar Boy
James Billings - Judge / First Gambler
Jack Harrold - Grand Inquisitor / Pasha-Prefect
Ralph Bassett - Don

Musical Numbers

  • Overture
  • Act One

  • Fanfare (instrumental) / Life Is Happiness Indeed + - Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • The Best Of All Possible Worlds - Dr. Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • Happy Instrumental / Oh, Happy We - Candide, Cunegonde
  • Candide Begins His Travels (instrumental)
  • It Must Be So (Candide's Meditation) - Candide
  • Westphalian Fanfare, Chorale, Battle Music, and It Must Be So (instrumental reprise)
  • Entrance of the Jew (instrumental)
  • Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • Earthquake Music (instrumental) / Dear Boy - Dr. Pangloss
  • Auto-Da-Fe (What A Day) - Chorus, Inquisitors, Judges
  • Candide's Lament + (same as This World in the 1974 Broadway Production) - Candide
  • You Were Dead, You Know - Candide, Cunegonde
  • Travel (To the Stables) (instrumental) / I Am Easily Assimilated - Old Lad
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady, Businessman
  • Act Two

  • Entr'acte - Orchestra
  • Ballad of the New World (new lyrics by Richard Wilbur to Ballad of Eldorado) - Candide
  • My Love - Governor, Maximilian
  • Barcarolle (instrumental)
  • Alleluia - Chorus
  • Eldorado (instrumental, different from the same-titled song in the 1956 Broadway Production)
  • Sheep Song + - Sheep, Lion, Paquette, Candide
  • Governor's Waltz (instrumental, same as the Paris Waltz in the 1956 Broadway Production)
  • Bon Voyage - Governor, Chorus
  • Quiet- Old Lady, Paquette, Candide
  • Constantinople (instrumental) / What's the Use? - Prefect, First Gambler, Second Gambler (Police Chief)
  • Finale: Make Our Garden Grow- Candide, Cunegonde, Entire Company

Recording

Candide - New York City Opera
New York City Opera Chorus and Orchestra; John Mauceri, conductor
Produced by Elizabeth Ostrow
Engineered by Paul Goodman
Digitslly recorded at the Manhattan Center, New York, May 1985
Liner notes by Theodore Chapin, John Mauceri, and Harold Prince; Includes a synopsis by Hugh Wheeler, lyrics, bibliography, and a Leonard Bernstein theater music discography

  • Double LP, 1986 [New World NW 340/341]
  • Double Compact Disc, 1986 [New World NW 340/341-2] [92 mins.]
  • Cassette, 1986 [New World NW 340/341]

1988 Scottish Opera Production

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
With additional lyrics by Stephen Sondheim (+) and John Latouche
Adapted for Scottish Opera by John Wells and John Mauceri

Opened May 19, 1988 at the Theatre Royale, Glasgow, Scotland
Opened December 1, 1988 at The Old Vic, London
Closed January 7, 1989
Presented by The Scottish Opera
[Managing Director: Richard Mantle;
Music Director: John Mauceri]
in association with The Old Vic
Directed by Jonathan Miller and John Wells
Orchestra and Chorus of Scottish Opera conducted by John Mauceri
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay
Set and Costume Design by Richard Hudson
Lighting by David Cunningham
Choreography by Anthony Van Laast

Glasgow Cast

Voltaire / Pangloss / Cacanbo / Martin - Nickolas Grace
Candide - Mark Beudert
Cunegonde - Marilyn Hill Smith (first five performances)
Cunegonde - Andrea Bolton
Old Lady - Ann Howard
Maximilian - Mark Tinkler
Paquette - Gaynor Miles
Captain / Governor / Vanderdendur / Crook - Bonaventure Bottone (first five performances)
Captain / Governor / Vanderdendur / Crook - David Hillman
Baron / First Officer / Grand Inquisitor / Slave Driver / Prince Ragotski - Leon Greene
Second Officer / Don Isaachar / Father Bernard / The Anabaptist - Howard Goorney
The Baroness / Waitress - Elaine MacKillop
Lisbon Woman / Waitress - Carol Rowlands
Informer / Announcer / Aide - John Brackenridge
Huntsman / Croupier - Paul Anwyl
Lisbon Man - David Morrison
Sultan Achmet - Declan McCusker
Prince Charles Edward - Grant Richards
King Stanislaus / Archbishop - Scott Cooper
King Hermann Augustus - Jonathan Hawkins
Tzar Ivan / Sailor - Graeme Danby

London Cast

Voltaire / Pangloss / Cacambo / Martin - Nickolas Grace
Candide - Mark Beudert
Cunegonde - Marilyn Hill Smith & Rosemary Ashe (alternated during the run)
Old Lady - Patricia Routledge
Maximilian - Mark Tinkler
Paquette - Gaynor Miles
Captain / Governor / Gambler - Alexander Oliver
Baron / First Officer / Grand Inquisitor / First Jesuit / Slave Driver / Prince Ragotski / Sailor - Leon Greene
Second Officer / Don Isaachar / Father Bernard / The Anabaptist - Howard Goorney
Baroness / Ensemble - Betsy Marrion
Lisbon Women / Ensemble - Harriet Neave, Helen Garton
Informer / Announcer / Aide / Ensemble - John Brackenridge
Huntsman / Croupier / Ensemble - Jonathan Coad
Archbishop / Ensemble - Bill Snape
Ensemble - Juliet Arthur, Susan Ashley, Christine Beaumont, John Brackenridge, Jonathan Coad, Tony Crean, Christopher Dee, Timothy Evans Jones, Andrew Fearn, Helen Garton, Helen Greenwaway, Stephanie Kulesza, Betsy Marrion, Robin Martin Oliver, Harriet Neave, Michael Neill, Jane Oakland, Beill Snape, Elisabeth Stirling, Robert Traynor

Musical Numbers

  • Overture - Orchestra
  • Act One

  • Life is Happiness Indeed + - Voltaire and Company *
  • The Best of All Possible Worlds - Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • O Happy We - Candide, Cunegonde
  • Candide Begins His Travels - Orchestra **
  • It Must Be So - Candide
  • Battle Chorale - Chorus *
  • Candide's Lament - Candide
  • Dear Boy - Pangloss *
  • Auto-da-fé - Company *
  • Ring Around a Rosy - Pangloss, Candide **
  • It Must Be Me - Candide *
  • Paris Waltz - Orchestra
  • Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • You Were Dead, You Know - Candide, Cunegonde
  • I Am Easily Assimilated - Old Lady, Chorus
  • To the New World [Quartet Finale] - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady, Captain *
  • Act Two

  • Entr'acte - Orchestra *
  • Opening - Ensemble *
  • My Love - Governor, Cunegonde, Maximilian
  • We Are Women - Cungegonde, Old Lady **
  • Alleluis - Ensemble *
  • Introduction to Eldorado - Orchestra
  • The Ballad of Eldorado - Candide, Chorus
  • Words, Words, Words [Laughing Song] - Pangloss **
  • Bon Voyage - Vanderdendur, Chorus
  • Kings' Barcarolle - Men's Chorus **
  • What's the Use? [Pass It Along] - Old Lady, Prince Ragotski, Maximilian, A Crook, Chorus
  • Venice Gavotte - Old Lady, Candide, Pangloss, Cunegonde
  • Nothing More Than This - Candide **
  • Universal Good - Ensemble *
  • Finale: Make Our Garden Grow - Company

* Note: These numbers were not recorded for the cast recording.
** Note: These numbers appear only on the 1997 reissues of the cast recording

Recording

Candide- Scottish National Opera
Conductor: Justin Brown
Digitally recorded on April 16 and 20 1988 at the Theatre Royale, Glasgow, Scotland
Produced for Records by John Yap
Engineer: John Kurlander

  • UK release: Compact Disc, 1988 [TER CDTER1156]
  • US release: Compact Disc, 1988 [Musical Heritage Society MHS 512494X]
  • US release: Cassette, 1988 [Musical Heritage Society MHC 312494A]
  • UK re-release: Compact Disc, 1997 [TER CDTER 1156]
  • US re-release: Compact Disc, 1997 [JAY CDJAY 1257] [68:35 mins.]

1989 Bernstein Version
(aka Final Revised Version)

Adapted from Voltaire and the book by Hugh Wheeler
Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
With additional lyrics by John Latouche, Dorothy Parker, Lillian Hellman, Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim and John Wells

See the lyrics note below

Performed on December 12 and 13, 1989 at the Barbican Centre, London
Narrative written by Leonard Bernstein and John Wells
Staged by Humphrey Burton
Conducted by Leonard Bernstein
with the London Symphony Orchestra (assistant conductor: Justin Brown)
and the London Symphony Chorus (music director: Richard Hickox;
leader: Alexander Barantschik; chorus master: Simon Joly)
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay

Cast

Candide - Jerry Hadley
Cunegonde - June Anderson
Dr. Pangloss / Martin - Adolph Green
Old Lady - Christa Ludwig
Governor / Vanderdendur / Ragotski - Nicolai Gedda
Paquette - Della Jones
Maximilian / Captain - Kurt Ollman
Bear-Keeper / Inquisitor / Tsar Ivan - Clive Bayley
Cosmetic Merchant / Inquisitor / Prince Charles Edward - Neil Jenkins
Doctor / Inquisitor / King Stanislaus - Lindsay Benson
Junkman / Inquisitor / King Hermann Augustus - Richard Suart
Alchemist / Inquisitor / Sultan Achmet / Crook - John Treleaven

Musical Numbers

  • Overture * - Orchestra
  • Act One

  • Westphalia Chorale - Chorus
  • Life is Happiness Indeed + - Candide, Maximilian, Cunegonde, Paquette *
  • The Best of All Possible Worlds - Pangloss, Candide,Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette *
  • Universal Good - Cunegonde, Paquette, Candide, Maximilian
  • Oh, Happy We - Candide, Cunegonde *
  • It Must Be So (Candide's Meditation) - Candide *
  • Westphalia - Chorus
  • Battle Music - Orchestra
  • Candide's Lament - Candide
  • Dear Boy - Pangloss, Chorus
  • Auto-da-fe (What a Day) - Chorus, Bear-Keeper, Cosmetic Merchant, Doctor, Junkman, Alchemist, Pangloss, Candide, Grand Inquisitor, Inquisitors *
  • Candide Begins His Travels - Orchestra
  • It Must Be Me (Candide's Second Meditation) - Candide
  • The Paris Waltz - Orchestra *
  • Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde *
  • You Were Dead, You Know - Candide, Cunegonde
  • I Am Easily Assimilated (Old Lady's Tango) - Old Lady, Chorus *
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady, Captain, Chorus
  • Act Two

  • Universal Good - Chorus *
  • My Love (Governor's Serenade) - Governor, Cunegonde *
  • We Are Women (Polka) - Cunegonde, Old Lady *
  • The Pilgrims' Procession/Alleluia - Maximilian, Paquete, Candide, Chorus
  • Quiet - Old Lady, Governor, Cunegonde *
  • Introduction to Eldorado - Orchestra
  • The Ballad of Eldorado - Candide, Chorus *
  • Words, Words, Words (Martin's Laughing Song) - Martin
  • Bon Voyage - Vanderdendur, Chorus *
  • The Kings' Barcarolle - Charles Edward, Candide, Hermann Augustus, Pangloss, Sultan Achmet, Tsar Ivan, Stanislaus
  • Money, Money, Money (Venice Gambling Scene) - Croupier, Ferone, Chorus
  • What's the Use? - Old Lady, Ragotski, Maximilian, Crook, Chorus *
  • The Venice Gavotte - Croupier, Pangloss, Old Lady, Candide, Cunegonde
  • Nothing More Than This - Candide
  • Universal Good (Life is Neither) - Chorus
  • Make Our Garden Grow (Finale) - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady, Paquette, Governor, Maximilian, Pangloss, Chorus *

* Note: Only these selections appear on the "highlights" releases.


Lyric Credits (taken from the liner notes of the recording)

Leonard Bernstein and John Wells: Westphalia Chorale. Universal Good, Westphalia, Universal Good (reprise)

Stephen Sondheim: Life is Happiness Indeed

John Latouche: The Best of All Possible Worlds, Candide's Lament, You Were Dead You Know

Richard Wilbur: Oh Happy We, Dear Boy, It Must Be Me, Glitter and Be Gay, Quartet Finale, The Pilgrim's Procession/Alleluia, Quiet, Bon Voyage, The Kings' Barcarolle, Money, Money, Money, What's the Use?, Make Our Garden Grow

John Latouche and Richard Wilbur: Auto-da-fe, My Love

Leonard Bernstein: I Am Easily Assimilated, We Are Women, Words, Words, Words, Nothing More Than This

Lillian Hellman: The Ballad of Eldorado

Richard Wilbur and Dorothy Parker: The Venice Gavotte

Lillian Hellman and Leonard Bernstein: Universal Good (Life is Neither)

Recording

Bernstein Conducts Candide
Digitally recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London, December, 1989
Recording Produced by Hans Weber
Program notes by Andrew Porter with a note by Leonard Bernstein
Synopsis by John Wells; lyrics included

  • Double Compact Disc, 1991 [Deutsche Grammophon 429734-2] [111 mins.]
  • Double Cassette, 1991 [Deutsche Grammophon 429734-4]
  • Compact Disc [Highlights], 1992 [Deutsche Grammophon 437328-2]
  • Cassette [Highlights], 1992 [Deutsche Grammophon 437328-4]
  • Triple Compact Disc, 1995 [Deutsche Grammophon 447958-2]
    (with the studio cast recording of West Side Story)
  • Double Compact Disc reissue, 1997
    [Deutsche Grammophon 449 656-2]

Video Recording

Narrative written by Leonard Bernstein and John Wells
Staged and directed for video by Humphrey Burton
Videotaped at the Barbican Centre, London, December 13, 1989.

  • VHS, 1991 [Deutsche Grammophon 072 523-3] [147 mins.]
  • Laserdisc, 1991 [Deutsche Grammophon]

1997 Broadway Revival

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
With additional lyrics by Stephen Sondheim (+) and John Latouche
Book adapted from Voltaire by Hugh Wheeler

Previews began April 19, 1997 at the Gershwin Theatre for 11 performances
Opened April 29, 1997; Closed July 27, 1997
Ran for 103 performances
Produced by Livent, Inc.
Director: Harold Prince
Choreographer: Patricia Birch
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay
Music continuity and additional orchestrations by John Mauceri
Sets by Clarke Dunham
Costumes by Judith Dolan
Sound by Jonathan Deans
Lighting by Ken Billington
Hair design by Bobby Grayson
Production supervisor: Clayton Phillips
Musical supervision and direction by Eric Stern

This production is based on the Lyric Opera of Chicago production,
which opened on November 26, 1994, directed by Harold Prince

Cast

Voltaire, Dr. Pangloss, Businessman, Governor, Second Gambler and Sage - Jim Dale
Old Lady - Andrea Martin
Candide - Jason Danieley
Cunegonde - Harolyn Blackwell / Glenda Balkan
Paquette - Stacey Logan
Maximillian - Brent Barrett
Hugo, Radu, Don Issachar, Judge Gomez, Father Bernard and Turhan Bey - Arte Johnson
Baron Von Thunder, Grand Inquisitor, Pasha-Prefect of Constantinople and Columbo - Mal Lawrence
Baroness Von Thunder - Julie Johnson
2nd Bulgarian Soldier - Paul Harman
Heresy Agent - David Girolmo
Governor's Aide - Allen Hidalgo
Sheep - Nanne Puritz, D'Vorah Bailey
Lion - Seth Malkin

Musical Numbers

  • Overture - Orchestra
  • Act One

  • Life Is Happiness Indeed + - Voltaire, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • The Old Lady's False Entrance + - Old Lady, Voltaire, Ensemble
  • Best Of All Possible Worlds - Dr. Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • Oh Happy We - Candide, Cunegonde
  • It Must Be So - Candide
  • Glitter And Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • The Old Lady's Second False Entrance + - Old Lady
  • Auto-Da-Fe + - Grand Inquisitor, Judge Gomez, Heresy Agent, Cunegonde, Dr. Pangloss, Company
  • Candide's Lament + - Candide
  • You Were Dead You Know - Candide, Cunegonde
  • I Am Easily Assimilated - Old Lady, Senores, Company
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Lady, Voltaire
  • Act Two

  • Entr'acte - Orchestra
  • Ballad of the New World - Candide, Ensemble
  • I Am Easily Assimilated (reprise) - Governor, Slave Driver, Maximilian
  • My Love - Governor, Maximilian
  • Eldorado - Voltaire, Sheep
  • Sheep Song + - Sheep, Voltaire, Ensemble
  • The Governor's Waltz - Orchestra
  • Bon Voyage - Governor, Ensemble
  • Quiet - Candide, Old Lady, Paquette
  • What's the Use? - Pasha, Turhan Bey, Second Gambler, Ensemble
  • Make Our Garden Grow - Candide, Cunegonde, Company

Recording

Candide - New Broadway Cast Recording
Produced by Jay David Saks
Engineered by James Nichols
Orchestra Conducted by Eric Stern
Recorded at The Hit Factory Studios, NYC
on May 19 & 20, 1997


  • Compact Disc, 1997 [RCA Victor 09026-68835-2] {71:35 mins.}
  • Cassette, 1997 [RCA Victor 09026-68835-4]
Candide [1997 Cast]

1999 Royal National Theatre Production

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Book adapted from Voltaire by Hugh Wheeler in a new version by John Caird
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
Additional Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, John Latouche, Lillian Hellman, Dorothy Parker and Leonard Bernstein

Opened April 13, 1999 at the Olivier Theatre, London
Closed January 25, 2000
Produced by the Royal National Theatre
Directed by John Caird
Set Designer: John Napier
Costume Designer: John Napier with Elsie Napier
Lighting Designer: Paul Pyant
Music Director: Mark W Dorrell
Orchestrations: Bruce Coughlin
Associate Music Director: Steven Edis
Choreographer: Peter Darling
Assistant Choreographer: Lynne Page
Fight Director: Malcolm Ranson
Sound Designer: Paul Groothuis

Cast

Simon Russell Beale - Voltaire / Dr. Pangloss
Daniel Evans - Candide
Alex Kelly - Cunegonde
Beverley Klein - Old Woman
Simon Day - Maximilian / Agent
Elizabeth Renihan - Paquette/ Paraguayan Girl / Woman of Venice
Denis Quilley - Baron / Martin
Myra Sands - Baroness / Courtesan / Sheep / Woman of Venice
Richard Henders - Corporal / French Ambassador / Monkey / Captain / Tzar Ivan
David Burt - Captain / Inquisitor / The Governor / Stroke
Clive Rowe - Drill Sergeant / Cacambo
Chu Omambala - The Minister / Sultan Achmet
Ceri Ann Gregory - The Minister's Wife / Courtesan / Woman of Venice
David Arneil - James the Anabaptist / Charles Edward
Michael Wildman - Viennese Ambassador / Sailor / Agent / Adjutant
Claudia Cadette - Courtesan / Paraguayan Girl / Woman of Venice
Gabrielle Jourdan - Courtesan / Woman of Venice
Samantha Lavender - Courtesan / Woman of Venice
Leigh McDonald - Courtesan / Woman of Venice
Jax Williams - Courtesan / Queen of Eldorado / Woman of Venice
Robert Burt - Don Issacar / Agent / Theodore of Corsica
Alexander Hanson - Grand Inquisitor / Vanderdendur
Charles Millham - Inquisitor / Sheep / Stanislaus
Gilz Terrera - Monkey / Slave
Mark Umbers - King of Eldorado / Hermann Augustus

Musical Numbers

  • Overture - Orchestra

Act One

  • Voltaire Chorale - Company
  • Life is Happiness Indeed - Candide
  • Life is Happiness Unending - Candide, Maximilian, Cunegonde, Paquette
  • The Best of All Possible Worlds - Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • Universal Good - Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximilian, Paquette
  • Oh, Happy We - Candide and Cunegonde
  • It Must Be So - Candide *
  • Candide's Lament - Candide
  • Dear Boy - Pangloss and Company
  • The Paris Waltz - Orchestra
  • Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • Auto-da-fe (What a Day); - Grand Inquisitor, Inquisitors, Company
  • You Were Dead, You Know - Candide and Cunegonde
  • I Am Easily Assimilated - Old Woman and Company
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, Old Woman, Cacambo and Company
  • Act Two

  • We Are Women - Old Woman and Cunegonde
  • My Love - Governor and Cunegonde
  • Alleluia - Pilgrims *
  • The Ballad of Eldorado - Voltaire, Candide, Cacambo, King, Queen, and Company
  • Bon Voyage - Vanderdendur and Company
  • It Must Be Me - Candide
  • Words, Words, Words - Martin
  • Money, Money, Money - Women of Venice
  • The Venice Gavotte - Old Woman, Cunegonde, Candide, Pangloss and Company
  • Nothing More Than This - Candide
  • What's the Use? - Cacambo, Paquette, Old Woman, Maximilian, Pangloss, Martin and Company
  • The Kings' Barcarolle - Stanislaus, Ivan, Charles Edward, Achmet, Hermann Augustus, Theodore and Candide
  • Universal Good (reprise) - Candide and Company
  • Make Our Garden Grow - Candide, Cunegonde and Company
  • * Note: These numbers are not on the cast recording

Recording

Candide - The 1999 Royal National Theatre Recording
Recording produced by Stewart Mackintosh
Engineered and mixed by Toby Allington
Orchestra conducted by Mark W. Dorrell
Recorded and mixed at Angel Studios, Islington in October 1999
Synopsis by John Caird

  • Compact Disc, 2000 [First Night (UK) CAST CD 75] (74:02 mins.)

2004 New York Philharmonic Concerts

Music by Leonard Bernstein
Lyrics by Richard Wilbur
Additional lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, John Latouche,
Lillian Hellman and Leonard Bernstein
Book by Hugh Wheeler based on the satire by Voltaire
Book adapted for the New York Philharmonic by Lonny Price

Four performances from May 5 - May 8, 2004 at Avery Fisher Hall at Lincoln Center, NYC
Produced by Jay Good
Director: Lonny Price
Conductor of the New York Philharmonic: Marin Alsop
Assistant Conductor: Grant Sturiale
Choreographer: Casey Nicholaw
Stage Designer: James Noone
Costume Designer: Tracy Christensen
Lighting Designer: Kevin Adams
Director of the Westminster Symphonic Choir: Joseph Flummerfelt
Director of the Juilliard Undergraduate Workshop: Edward Berkeley
Orchestrations by Leonard Bernstein and Hershy Kay
Additional Orchestrations by John Mauceri

Director's Note: "[This production is a] hybrid; part Hal Prince's original cut down version, part the New York City Opera version, part the Scottish Opera House version, and part a standard concert version.  As Candide is satire, the tone we're after...is light comic..."

Cast

Paul Groves - Candide
Kristin Chenoweth - Cunegonde
Sir Thomas Allen - Dr. Pangloss / Narrator / Voltaire
Patti LuPone - The Old Lady
Michael McCormick - Baron / Inquisitor / Don Issachar / Cacambo
Gina Ferrall - Baroness / Sheep
Janine LaManna - Paquette
John Herrera - Judge / Aide / Prefect / Governor
Jeff Blumenkrantz - Maximilian
Michael McElroy - Judge / Captain / Crook
Ray Wills - Heresy Agent / Archbishop / Priest
Patty Goble - Sheep
Stanford Olsen - Vanderdendur / Ragotski
Westminster Symphonic Choir and the Julliard Undergraduate Workshop - Company

Musical Numbers

  • Overture - Orchestra

Act One

  • Life is Happiness Indeed - Candide, Cunegonde, Maximillian, Paquette
  • The Best of All Possible Worlds - Pangloss, Candide, Cunegonde, Maximillian, Paquette
  • Oh, Happy We - Candide, Cunegonde
  • It Must Be So (Candide's First Meditation) - Candide
  • Westphalia Chorale - Chorus
  • Dear Boy - Pangloss, Chorus
  • Auto-da-fé - Judges, Inquisitors, Chorus
  • This World (Candide's Lament) - Candide
  • Paris Waltz Scene - Orchestra
  • Glitter and Be Gay - Cunegonde
  • You Were Dead, You Know - Candide, Cunegonde
  • Barcarolle - Orchestra
  • I Am Easily Assimilated - The Old Lady, Chorus
  • Quartet Finale - Candide, Cunegonde, The Old Lady, Captain

Act Two

  • Entr'acte - Orchestra
  • My Love (Governor's Serenade) - Governor, Maximillian
  • We Are Women (Polka) - The Old Lady, Cunegonde
  • Alleluia - Chorus
  • Quiet - The Old Lady, Cunegonde, Governor
  • Sheep's Song - Sheep
  • Ballad of Eldorado - Candide, Chorus
  • Bon Voyage (Hornpipe) - Vanderdendur, Chorus
  • What's the Use? - The Old Lady, Ragotski, Prefect, Crook
  • You Were Dead, You Know (Reprise) - Candide, Cunegonde
  • Barcarolle (Reprise) - Orchestra
  • Make Our Garden Grow (Finale) - Candide, Cunegonde, Company

Video Recording

Directed for Television by Lonny Price
Produced by Iris Merlis and Jay Good

  • DVD, 2005 [Image Entertainment ID2762EMDVD] (116 mins.)

Candide [2004 Concert]

Recordings of Songs

[Sondheim-contributed songs only]

  • Auto Da Fe (What a Day)
    • Company
      Candide Broadway Revival 1974
    • Mal Lawrence, Arte Johnson, David Girolmo, Harolyn Blackwell, Jim Dale
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997

  • The Best of All Possible Worlds (reprise)
    • June Gable, Mark Baker, Deborah St. Darr, Renee Semes, Becky McSpadden
      Candide Broadway Revival 1974

  • Life is Happiness Indeed
    • Mark Baker, Maureen Brennan, Deborah St. Darr, Sam Freed
      Candide Broadway Revival 1974
    • David Eisler, Erie Mills, Maris Clement, Scott Reeve
      Candide New York City Opera 1986
    • Jerry Hadley, June Anderson, Kurt Ollman, Della Jones
      Bernstein's Candide 1991
    • Mendelssohn Choir of Pittsburgh
      Mendelssohn Sings Sondheim 1995
    • Jim Dale, Jason Danielly, Harolyn Blackwell, Brent Barrett, Stacy Logan
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997
    • Daniel Evans, Alex Kelly, Elizabeth Renihan
      Note: Maximilian's verse may not have been written by Sondheim
      Candide National Theatre 2000

  • The Old Lady's False Entrance
    • Andrea Martin, Jim Dale, Ensemble
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997

  • The Old Lady's Second False Entrance
    • Andrea Martin
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997

  • Sheep's Song
    • Deborah St. Darr and Ensemble
      Candide Broadway Revival 1974
    • Ivy Austin, Rhoda Butler, Robert Brubaker, Maris Clement, David Eisler
      Candide New York City Opera 1986
    • Ensemble
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997

  • This World
    • Mark Baker
      Candide Broadway Revival 1974
    • David Eisler [as Candide's Lament]
      Candide New York City Opera 1986
    • Mendelssohn Choir of Pittsburgh
      Mendelssohn Sings Sondheim 1995
    • Jason Danielly [as Candide's Lament]
      Candide Broadway Revival 1997

Publications
  • Book [1956 version]
    • New York: Random House [hardcover], 1957; 143 pp.
    • New York: Avon Bard YD 14 [paperback], 1970; 156 pp.
  • Score [1956 version, complete]
    • New York: Schirmer, 1958; 203 pp.
  • Score [1974 version, selections]
    • New York: Amberson Enterprises/Schirmer, 1974; 44 pp. [includes "Life is Happiness Indeed", "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "Oh, Happy We", "It Must Be So", "Candide's Lament (This World)", "I Am Easily Assimilated", "My Love", "Bon Voyage", "Make Our Garden Grow"]
  • Score [1974 version, complete]
    • New York: Schirmer Books, 1976; 235 pp. [foreword by Harold Prince; color photographs by Martha Swope]
  • Score [1989 version, complete]
    • New York: Jalni Publications / Boosey & Hawkes HPS 1180, 1994; 479 pp. [Edited from performance materials for the composer's 1989 Deutsche Grammophon recording and from mss. at the Library of Congress]
  • Score [1989 version, selections]
    • New York: Boosey & Hawkes, 1994; 36 pp. [includes "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "O, Happy We", "It Must Be So", "I Am Easily Assimilated", "My Love", "Bon Voyage", "Make Our Garden Grow"]
    • New York: Jalni Publications / Boosey & Hawkes PFB 163, 1995; 93 pp. [includes "Overture", "The Best of All Possible Worlds", "Oh, Happy We", "Candide Continues His Travels / It Must Be Me", "Paris Waltz ", "I Am Easily Assimilated", "The Ballad of Eldorado", "Bon Voyage (Hornpipe)", "We Are Women (Polka)", "Make Our Garden Grow"]

Performance rights controlled by Boosey & Hawkes, Inc.


Top of Candide

Last modified on Friday, August 20, 2010
Compiled by Michael H. Hutchins